鼠尾草(Sage，Salvia officinalis)

　　唇形科(Lamiaceae)鼠尾草属(Salvia)

　　学名：Salvia officinalis

　　中文名：(普通)鼠尾草

【生理活性】

　　根据多项研究结果，鼠尾草精油成分包含冰片(borneol)、樟脑(camphor)、石竹烯(caryophyllene)、桉叶油醇(cineole)、榄烯(elemene)、蛇麻烯(humulene)、ledene、蒎烯(pinene)和侧柏酮(thujone)。鼠尾草酒精和水萃取物主要的黄酮类成分有迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid)和木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(luteolin-7-glucoside)#1。若以不同萃取部分探讨，使用酒精萃取时，花部有最高比率的α-蒎烯和1,8-桉叶油醇；最高比率的芳樟醇(linalool)出现在茎部；其他多数成分，例如樟脑、柠烯(limonene)、崁烯(camphene)、α-蛇麻烯和侧柏酮等，在叶子占的比率最多#2。不过萃取物成分可能因品种、生长环境、萃取制程和储存方式等因素而产生极大差异#3，即便是同批成品，经分装后的成分也不见得一样。

民俗疗法

　　亚洲和拉丁美洲地区，民众使用鼠尾草治疗癫痫(seizure)、溃疡(ulcers)、痛风(gout)、风湿(rheumatism)、发炎、眩晕(dizziness)、颤抖(tremor)、麻痹(paralysis)、腹泻(diarrhea)和高血糖(hyperglycemia)。在欧洲，则会用来缓解消化不良(例如火烧心(heartburn)或胀气(bloating))、多汗、老年认知障碍、喉咙和皮肤的发炎等#1。德国草药委员会(German Commission E)认可鼠尾草外用能治疗喉咙和鼻发炎，内服可治疗消化不良和多汗，但怀孕期间不应吃鼠尾草精油或酒精萃取物#4。

抗氧化

　　大鼠喝含有鼠尾草的水能帮助肝细胞对抗氧化压力，且抗氧化酵素的活性明显提高，DNA的氧化损伤也有减少趋势#5-6。鼠尾草的抗氧化功效主要来自鼠尾草酚(carnosol)迷迭香酸和鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid)3成分的贡献#7。鼠尾草酚消除自由基能力和维他命E相当#8。迷迭香酸衍生物消除超氧化物能力是水溶性维他命E的15-20倍，迷迭香酸在患有糖尿病的大鼠实验中显示，有增加多种抗氧化酵素活性的能力#9。槲皮素(quercetin)和芸香苷(rutin)是能在鼠尾草发现的黄酮类成分，他们同样具有优异抗氧化力#10。

抗菌

　　鼠尾草精油和酒精萃取物有优秀的抑制细菌能力，研究证实，对蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、粪肠球菌

　　(Enterococcus faecalis)李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)和表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)都有很高抑菌力#2,11-14。除了抑制细菌，对于真菌、病毒和寄生虫也有抑制效果#15-18。根据研究，可抑制灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)以及众多念珠菌属真菌#15,18。鼠尾草的抑菌力是由于有萜类和相关衍生物的关系，它们能抑制多种细菌和病毒#14,17。三萜类：齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid)和熊果酸还能抑制多种超级细菌的生长#1,1 9。

抗癌

　　众多使用细胞和动物模型的研究指出，鼠尾草具有抗癌潜力。曾研究过的细胞有乳癌、子宫颈癌、大肠癌、胰脏癌、喉癌、肺癌、皮肤癌和口腔癌等癌细胞，鼠尾草在这些细胞表现出可能的抗癌潜力#1。抗癌功效可能源于多种成分发挥的效果，研究发现石竹烯和α-蛇麻烯成分能抑制乳癌和大肠癌细胞生长#20。泪杉醇(Manool)可选择性杀死子宫颈癌细胞和胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma)#21。迷迭香酸则早有许多文献发表，除了在细胞实验能抑制多种癌细胞生长，小鼠模型中也发现有预防皮肤肿瘤形成的表现#22。另有其他试验显示鼠尾草能抑制突变#23-24、保护大鼠避免基因毒性#25以及减少DNA的氧化损伤#26。鼠尾草的抗突变功效归因于单萜类成分，包括樟脑、侧柏酮、柠烯和1,8-桉叶油醇等化合物#23,27-29。

抗发炎和止痛

　　发炎和疼痛感是组织损伤的主要征兆，而多篇研究显示鼠尾草有抗发炎和止痛的效果#30-38，例如在小鼠研究，鼠尾草酒水萃取物可明显降低化疗引起的神经病变性疼痛(neuropathic pain)#30。另外有研究表示，使用氯仿萃取的鼠尾草萃取物抗发炎效果最佳，反观甲醇萃取物的效果就不明显，鼠尾草精油更近似无效，其中指标性成分是熊果酸(ursolic acid)，它的抗发炎效果是发炎治疗药indomethacin的2倍#39。鼠尾草的黄酮类和萜类(terpenes)也有抗发炎和止痛效果#10,33,36,39，这在Mansourabadi的小鼠研究得到证明#33，另外Osakabe研究描述外用迷迭香酸可抑制皮肤发炎#40。泪杉醇、鼠尾草酚和熊果酸这些萜类成分都有抗发炎潜力#34,36,39。

改善记忆和认知

　　在动物#41-43和临床试验，分别都有多篇文献支持鼠尾草萃取物可改善认知和记忆表现的论述。健康的成人临床试验指出，鼠尾草精油香气能帮助人记得未来的待办事项#44-45。鼠尾草酒精萃取物也有改善健康长者记忆和专注能力的功效#46。给轻度或中度阿兹海默症患者使用鼠尾草酒水萃取物持续4个月疗程，结果发现可改善认知功能#47。

降低血糖和血脂

　　鼠尾草萃取物在正常和糖尿病动物或临床试验都显示可降低血糖#48-52和血脂。在肥胖大鼠实验指出，鼠尾草萃取除了有降低三酸甘油脂、总胆固醇和坏胆固醇(low density lipoproteins)浓度的效果，还观察到体重下降和腹部脂肪减少等现象#53，且类似效果也复制在患有糖尿病的大鼠#50-51。而在健康成人、高血脂和糖尿病患者的临床试验，同样有相似结果，能有效改善高血脂，优化脂肪组成#48,54-56。

可能风险

　　多数临床试验显示，食用鼠尾草并不会发生严重的副作用#47,54,56。但若长期吃或短时间大剂量(约对应15公克以上叶子部位)食用鼠尾草精油或酒精萃取物就可能产生一些副作用，例如：呕吐、流口水、心跳加快、眩晕、热潮红、过敏、发青(cyanosis)或抽慉#57-59。鼠尾草精油剂量若超过0.5 g/kg易有促进痉挛(proconvul​​sant)特性#1，可能刺激癫痫患者发病。樟脑、侧柏酮和萜酮类(terpene ketones)成分潜在毒性较高，不宜和胎儿及新生儿接触，所以在怀孕和哺乳期间并不建议吃鼠尾草#57-60。鼠尾草茶在小鼠身上有促进肝损伤的现象#61，但在人身上未见到#54,56。

【芳疗功效】

　　根据研究，剖腹产妇女在术后吸入苦橙或鼠尾草精油5分钟可有效减少焦虑感#62。包含135位健康志愿者的临床研究指出，在记忆力测试前吸嗅鼠尾草精油5分钟所获得的结果明显较佳#63。有研究表示，鼠尾草茶可延缓大鼠体内大肠癌细胞的增生，并减少DNA伤害#64。另一关于6位健康中年妇女饮用鼠尾草茶(4公克干燥鼠尾草/300毫升沸水，泡5分钟，每日2次)的研究探讨，结果显示4周后可有效降低血脂、改善脂肪组成以及增加抗氧化酵素的活性，不过对血糖调控没有帮助#56。

【料理应用】

　　一篇喂食石鸡(Alectoris chukar)吃含有鼠尾草饲料的研究表示，鼠尾草可显著减少DNA损伤，且剂量越高，保护效果越好，而其它指标，例如油脂组成、抗氧化力或体重差异，和没吃鼠尾草的石鸡则没有明显不同#65。

　　根据研究，添加鼠尾草精油在猪肉和牛肉中，可减少油脂的过氧化，实验显示在料理前后都有相似程度的效果#66-67，也可减少鸡绞肉冷藏期间油脂的氧化程度#68。另一火鸡肉丸的研究，鼠尾草萃取物可减少肉丸的水活性和pH，并抑制大肠杆菌和其他细菌，延长保存时间，而若和维他命C类似物(Sodium isoascorbate)合并使用效果更佳#69。其它在牛绞肉#70、猪肝酱#71、鸡肉丸#72、熟牛肉丸#73、生鲜猪肉香肠#74和中式香肠#75等不同研究标的都有相似结果。

　　鼠尾草不适合生食，常使用在烤肉、炖煮汤类、海鲜或富含油脂的肉类料理，和巴西里、迷迭香和百里香等香草搭配会更有层次，在希腊、西班牙、地中海或义式料理都很常见到鼠尾草。

　　参考文献：

　　(1)Ghorbani A,Esmaeilizadeh M.Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components.J Tradit Complement Med.2017;7(4):433-440.

　　(2)Veli#ckovi#c DT,RanCelovi#c NV,Risti#c MS,Veli#ckovi#c AS,#Smelcerovi#c AA.Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts obtained from the flower,leaf and stem of Salvia officinalis L.J Serb Chem Soc.2003;68:17-24.

　　(3)Russo A,Formisano C,Rigano D,et al.Chemical composition and anticancer activity of essential oils of Mediterranean sage(Salvia officinalis L.)grown in different environmental conditions.Food Chem Toxicol.2013;55:42-47.

　　(4)https://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Commission-E-Monographs/0323.htm

　　(5)Kozics K,Klusov#a V,Sran#cíkov#a A,et al.Effects of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris on oxidant-induced DNA damage and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells.Food Chem Toxicol.2013;141:2198-2206.

　　(6)Horv#athov#a E,Sran#cíkov#a A,Regendov#a-Sedl#a#ckov#a E,et al.Enriching the drinking water of rats with extracts of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris increases their resistance to oxidative stress.Mutagenesis.2016;31:51-59.

　　(7)Cuvelier ME,Richard H,Berset C.Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary.J Am Oil Chemists’Soc.1996;73:645-652.

　　(8)Miura K,Kikuzaki H,Nakatani N.Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage(Salvia officinalis L.)and thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)measured by the oil stability index method.J Agric Food Chem.2002;50:1845-1851.

　　(9)Govindaraj J,Sorimuthu Pillai S.Rosmarinic acid modulates the antioxidant status and protects pancreatic tissues from glucolipotoxicity mediated oxidative stress in high-fat diet:streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Mol Cell Biochem.2015;404:143-159.

　　(10)Azevedo MI,Pereira AF,Nogueira RB,et al.The antioxidant effects of the flavonoids rut​​in and quercetin inhibit oxaliplatin-induced chronic painful peripheral neuropathy.Mol Pain.2013;9:53.

　　(11)Hayouni EA,Chraief I,Abedrabba M,et al.Tunisian Salvia officinalis L.and Schinusmolle L.essential oils:their chemical compositions and their preservative effects against Salmonella inoculated in minced beef meat.Int J Food Microbiol.2008;125:242-251.

　　(12)Mitic-Culafic D,Vukovic-Gacic B,Knezevic-Vukcevic J,Stankovic S,Simic D.Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of volatiles from sage(Salvia officinalis L.).Arch Biol Sci.2005;57:173-178.

　　(13)Bozin B,Mimica-Dukic N,Samojlik I,Jovin E.Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage(Rosmarinus officinalis L.and Salvia officinalis L.,Lamiaceae)essential oils.J Agric Food Chem.2007;55:7879-7885.

　　(14)Delamare APL,Moschen-Pistorello IT,Artico L,Atti-Serafini L,Echeverrigaray S.Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Salvia offcinalis L.and Salvia triloba L.cultivated in South Brazil.Food Chem.2007;100:603-608.

　　(15)Badiee P,Nasirzadeh AR,Motaffaf M.Comparison of Salvia officinalis L.essential oil and antifungal agents against candida species.J Pharm Technol Drug Res.2012;1:7.

　　(16)Akkawi R,Valente AL,Badawy SZ.Large mesonephric cyst with acute adnexal torsion in a teenage girl.J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol.2012;25:e143-e145.

　　(17)Tada M,Okuno K,Chiba K,Ohnishi E,Yoshii T.Antiviral diterpens from Saliva officinialis.Phytochemistry.1994;35:539-541.

　　(18)Carta C,Moretti MDL,Peana AT.Activity of the oil of Salvia officinalis L.against Botrytis cinerea.J Essent Oil Res.1996;8:399-404.

　　(19)Horiuchi K,Shiota S,Hatano T,Yoshida T,Kuroda T,Tsuchiya T.Antimicrobial activity of oleanolic acid from Salvia officinalis and related compounds on vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Biol Pharm Bull.2007;30:1147-1149.

　　(20)El Hadri A,del Río M#AG,Sanz J,et al.Cytotoxic activity of a-humulene and transcaryophyllene from Salvia officinalis in animal and human tumor cells.An R Acad Nac Farm.2010;76:343-356.

　　(21)de Oliveira PF,Munari CC,Nicolella HD,Veneziani RC,Tavares DC.Manool,a Salvia officinalis diterpene,induces selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells.Cytotechnology.2016;68:2139-2143.

　　(22)Sharmila R,Manoharan S.Anti-tumor activity of rosmarinic acid in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA)induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.Indian J Exp Biol.2012;50:187-194.

　　(23)Vukovi#c-Ga#ci#c B,Nik#cevi#c S,Beri#c-Bjedov T,Kne#zevi#c-Vuk#cevi#c J,Simi#c D.Antimutagenic effect of essential oil of sage(Salvia officinalis L.)and its monoterpenes against UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Food Chem Toxicol.2006;44:1730-1738.

　　(24)Patenkovi#c A,Stamenkovi#c-Radak M,Banjanac T,Andjelkovi#c M.Antimutagenic effect of sage tea in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster.Food Chem Toxicol.2009;47:180-183.

　　(25)Alkan FU,Gürsel FE,Ates¸A,€Ozyürek M,GüçlüK,Altun M.Protective effects of Salvia officinalis extract against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.Turk J Vet Anim Sci.2012;36:646-654.

　　(26)Kozics K,Klusov#a V,Sran#cíkov#a A,et al.Effects of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris on oxidant-induced DNA damage and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells.Food Chem Toxicol.2013;141:2198-2206.

　　(27)Vujo#sevi#c M,Blagojevi#c J.Antimutagenic effects of extracts from sage(Salvia officinalis)in mammalian system in vivo.Acta Vet Hung.2004;52:439-443.

　　(28)Nikoli#c B,Miti#c-#culafi#c D,Vukovi#c-Ga#ci#c B,Kne#zevi#c-Vuk#cevi J.The antimutagenic effect of monoterpenes against UV-irradiation-,4NQO-and TBOOH-induced mutagenesis in coli.Arch Biol Sci Belgr.2011;63:117-128.

　　(29)Simi#c D,Vukovi#c-Ga#ci#c B,Kne#zevi#c-Vuk#cevi#c J.Detection of natural bioantimutagens and their mechanisms of action with bacterial assay-system.Mutat Res.1998;402:51-57.

　　(30)Abad NAA,Nouri MHK,Tavakkoli F.Effect of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract on vincristine-induced neuropathy in mice.Chin J Nat Med.2011;9:354-358.

　　(31)Abad M,Moreno A,Palacios A,Narita M,Blanco F.The tumor suppressor ING1 contributes to epigenetic control of cellular senescence.Aging Cell.2011;10:158-171.

　　(32)Khayate-Nouri MH,Namvaran-Abbasabad A,Tavakkoli F.Salvia Officinalis and cisplatin effects on pentylenetetrazole induced seizure threshold print.Zahedan J Res Med Sci.2013;15:1-3.

　　(33)Mansourabadi AM,Sadeghi HM,Razavi N,Rezvani E.Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of salvigenin,Salvia officinalis flavonoid extracted.Adv Herb Med.2015;1:31-41.

　　(34)Nicolella H,Senedese J,Furtado R,Veneziani R,Tavares D.Evaluation of antiinflammatory potential of diterpene manool in macrophages by quantification of nitric oxide.J Int Soc Antioxid Nutr Health.2015;1:124-128.

　　(35)Qnais EY,Abu-Dieyeh M,Abdulla FA,Abdalla SS.The antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of Salvia officinalis leaf aqueous and butanol extracts.Pharm Biol.2010;48:1149-1156.

　　(36)Rodrigues MR,Kanazawa LK,das Neves TL,et al.Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory potential of extract and isolated compounds from the leaves of Salvia officinalis in mice.J Ethnopharmacol.2012;139:519-526.

　　(37)Pra VD,Bisol LB,Detoni S,Denti M,Grando J.Anti-inflammatory activity of fractionated extracts of Salvia officinalis.J Appl Pharm Sci.2011;1:67-71.

　　(38)Schr€oder S,Beckmann K,Franconi G,et al.Can medical herbs stimulate regeneration or neuroprotection and treat neuropathic pain in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy?Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2013;2013:423713.

　　(39)Baricevic D,Sosa S,Della Loggia R,et al.Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L.leaves:the relevance of ursolic acid.J Ethnopharmacol.2001;75:125-132.

　　(40)Osakabe N,Yasuda A,Natsume M,Yoshikawa T.Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses:anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model.Carcinogenesis.2004;25:549-557.

　　(41)Eidi M,Eidi A,Bahar M.Effects of Salvia officinalis L.(sage)leaves on memory retention and its interaction with the cholinergic system in rats.Nutrition.2006;22:321-326.

　　(42)Hasanein P,Felehgari Z,Emamjomeh A.Preventive effects of Salvia officinalis L.against learning and memory deficit induced by diabetes in rats:possible hypoglycaemic and antioxidant mechanisms.Neurosci Lett.2016;622:72-77.

　　(43)Gomar A,Hosseini A,Mirazi N.Evaluation of Salvia officinalis L.(sage)leaves on morphine-induced memory impairment in adult male rats.Focus Altern Complement Ther.2014;19:156-162.

　　(44)Moss L,Rouse M,Wesnes KA,Moss M.Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood.Hum Psychopharmacol.2010;25:388-396.

　　(45)Moss M,Rouse M,Moss L.Aromas of salvia species enhance everyday prospective memory performance in healthy young adults.Adv Chem Eng Sci.2014;4:339-346.

　　(46)Scholey AB,Tildesley NT,Ballard CG,et al.An extract of Salvia(sage)with anticholinesterase properties improves memory and attention in healthy older volunteers.Psychopharmacology.2008;198:127-139.

　　(47)Akhondzadeh S,Noroozian M,Mohammadi M,Ohadinia S,Jamshidi AH,Khani M.Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease:a double blind,randomized and placebocontrolled trial.J Clin Pharm Ther.2003;28:53-59.

　　(48)Behradmanesh S,Derees F,Rafieian-kopaei M.Effect of Salvia officinalis on diabetic patients.J Ren Inj Prev.2013;2:51-54.

　　(49)Eidi M,Eidi A,Zamanizadeh H.Effect of Salvia officinalis L.leaves on serum glucose and insulin in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.J Ethnopharmacol.2005;100:310-313.

　　(50)Eidi M,Eidi A.Antidiabetic effects of sage(Salvia officinalis L.)leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev.2009;3:40-44.

　　(51)Khattab HAH,Mohamed RA,Hashemi JM.Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of Salvia officinalis L.(Sage)infusion on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.J Am Sci.2012;8:411-416.

　　(52)Lima CF,Azevedo MF,Araujo R,Fernandes-Ferreira M,Pereira-Wilson C.Metformin-like effect of Salvia officinalis(common sage):is it useful in diabetes prevention?Br J Nutr.2006;96:326-333.

　　(53)Hernandez-Saavedra D,Perez-Ramirez IF,Ramos-Gomez M,Mendoza-Diaz S,Loarca-Pina G,Reynoso-Camacho R.Phytochemical characterization and effect of Calendula officinalis,Hypericum perforatum,and Salvia officinalis infusions on obesity associated cardiovascular risk.Med Chem Res.2016;25:163-172.

　　(54)Kianbakht S,Abasi B,Perham M,Hashem Dabaghian F.Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L.leaf extract in patients with hyperlipidemia:a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Phytother Res.2011;25:1849-1853.

　　(55)Kianbakht S,Dabaghian FH.Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L.leaf extract:a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial.Complement Ther Med.2013;21:441-446.

　　(56)S#a CM,Ramos AA,Azevedo MF,Lima CF,Fernandes-Ferreira M,Pereira-Wilson C.Sage tea drinking improves lipid profile and antioxidant defences in humans.Int J Mol Sci.2009;10:3937-3950.

　　(57)Bisset NG,Wichtl M.Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals:A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis with Reference to German Commision E Monographs.2nd ed.Boca Raton,FI:CRC Press;2001:440-443.

　　(58)Physicians’Desk Reference(PDR)for Herbal Medicines.3rd ed.Montvale,NJ:Thompson;2004:698-701.

　　(59)Mills S,Bone K.The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety.St Louis,Missouri:Elsevier;2005:558-559.

　　(60)Halicioglu O,Astarcioglu G,Yaprak I,Aydinlioglu H.Toxicity of Salvia officinalis in a newborn and a child:an alarming report.Pediatr Neurol.2011;45:259-260.

　　(61)Lima CF,Fernandes-Ferreira M,Pereira-Wilson C.Drinking of Salivia officinalis tea increases CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Food Chem Toxicol.2007;45:456-464.

　　(62)Sharifipour F,Sohailbaigi S,Dastmozd L.Comparison of the citrus arantium and Salvia officinalis aroma impacts on post cesarean anxiety.Acta Medica Mediterranea.2016;32:977-981.

　　(63)Miroddi M,Navarra M,Quattropani M,Calapai F,Gangemi S,et al.(2014)Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties of Salvia species on memory,cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.CNS.Neurosci Ther 20:485-485.

　　(64)Pedro DF,Ramos AA,Lima CF,Baltazar F,Pereira-Wilson C.Colon cancer chemoprevention by sage tea drinking:decreased DNA damage and cell proliferation.Phytother Res.2016;30:298e305.

　　(65)Yurtseven S,Cetin M,Sengul T,Sogut B.Effect of sage extract(Salvia Officinalis)on growth performance,blood parameters,oxidative stress and DNA damage in partridges.South African Journal of Animal Science.2008;38(2):145-152.

　　(66)Zhang,W.et al.Improving functional value of meat products.Meat Science,v.86,p.15-31,2010.

　　(67)Fasseas,MK,Mountzouris,KC,Tarantilis,PA,Polissiou,M.,&Zervas,G.(2008).Antioxidant activity in meat treated with oregano and sage essential oils.Food Chemistry,106,1188−1194.

　　(68)Mariutti,LRB,Orlien,V.,Bragagnolo,N.,&Skibsted,LH(2008).Effect of sage and garlic on lipid oxidation in high-pressure processed chicken meat.European Food Research and Technology,227,337−344.

　　(69)Karpinska-Tymoszczyk,M.(2007).Effects of sage extract(Salvia officinalis L.)and a mixture of sage extract and sodium isoascorbate on the quality and shelf life of vacuum-packaged turkey meatballs.Journal of Muscle Foods,18,420−434.

　　(70)Ahmed,AM,and Ismail,TH(2010).Improvement of the quality and shelf-life of minced-beef mixed with soyprotein by Sage(Salvia officinalis).Afr.J.Food Sci.4,330–334.

　　(71)Estévez M,Ramírez R,Ventanas S,Cava R.Sage and rosemary essential oils versus BHT for the inhibition of lipid oxidative reactions in liver pâtéLWT.2007;40:58–65.

　　(72)C.,Maria DC(2013),The use of natural antioxidants(oregano and sage)to reduce hexanal production in precooked chicken during chill storage,Vitae,revista de la facultad de química farmacéutica,Vol.20(2):105-110

　　(73)Tolga Akcan,Mario Estévez and Meltem Serdaroğlu,Antioxidant protection of cooked meatballs during frozen storage by whey protein edible films with phytochemicals from Laurus nobilis L.and Salvia officinalis,LWT,77,(323),(2017).

　　(74)Šojić,B.,Pavlić,B.,Zeković,Z.,Tomović,V.,Ikonić,P.,Kocić-Tanackov,S.,Džinić,N.,2018.The effect of essential oil and extract from sage(Salvia officinalis L.)herbal dust(food industry by-product)on the oxidative and microbiological stability of fresh pork.LWT 89,749–755.

　　(75)Zhang,L.,Lin,YH,Leng,XJ,Huang,M.,and Zhou,GH Effect of sage(Salvia officinalis)on the oxidative stability of Chinese-style sausage during refrigerated storage.Meat Science,95(2).145-150.2013.

　　作者：cofactor412